Index / Search / Quercus phellos
§1 Plant
Quercus phellos L.
vernacular willow oak — species · Fagaceae
§2Habit & range
Habit and range
- Growth habit
- Tree
- Duration
- Perennial
- Group
- Dicot
- Family
- Fagaceae Dumort.
- Genus
- Quercus
§2a
Native status, by region
- L48 Lower 48 States Native
§2b
County-level range
· 500 counties across 14 states/territories§3Cultivation specs · USDA
Recorded by the USDA Plant Materials Program.
§3a
Tolerances
- Drought
- None
- Shade
- High
- Moisture use
- High
- Fire
- Low
- Salinity
- None
- Anaerobic
- Low
- CaCO₃
- None
- Hedging
- None
§3b
Climate & soil
- Cold tolerance
- -23 °F minimum
- Frost-free days
- 180 min.
- Precipitation
- 40–70 in/yr
- pH range
- 4.5–6.5
- Root depth
- 12 in min.
- Fertility need
- Medium
- Soil texture
- medium, fine
§3c
Form & growth
- Growth form
- Single Stem
- Growth rate
- Rapid
- Lifespan
- Long
- Mature height
- 100 ft
- Height @ 20 y
- 60 ft
- Foliage texture
- Fine
- Foliage colour
- Green
- Porosity (summer)
- Dense
- Porosity (winter)
- Porous
- Flower colour
- Yellow
- Fruit colour
- Brown
- Fire resistant
- No
- N fixation
- None
- Toxicity
- None
§3d
Reproduction
- Bloom period
- Mid Spring
- Seed abundance
- High
- Seed begins
- Summer
- Seed ends
- Fall
- Spread rate
- Slow
- Stratify
- Yes
- Seeds / lb
- 462
- Propagation
- seed, bare root, container
§3e
Use & availability
- Commercial availability
- Routinely Available
- Nursery stock
- Yes
- Browse palatability
- High
- Palatable, human
- No
- Lumber
- Yes
- Fuelwood
- High
- Christmas tree
- No
§4Counties, by state
Recorded in 500 counties across 14 states/territories.
Alabama view state ↗ 63 N ▾
- Autauga 01001
- Baldwin 01003
- Barbour 01005
- Bibb 01007
- Blount 01009
- Bullock 01011
- Butler 01013
- Calhoun 01015
- Chambers 01017
- Cherokee 01019
- Chilton 01021
- Choctaw 01023
- Clarke 01025
- Clay 01027
- Cleburne 01029
- Coffee 01031
- Colbert 01033
- Conecuh 01035
- Coosa 01037
- Covington 01039
- Crenshaw 01041
- Cullman 01043
- Dale 01045
- Dallas 01047
- Elmore 01051
- Escambia 01053
- Etowah 01055
- Fayette 01057
- Franklin 01059
- Geneva 01061
- Greene 01063
- Hale 01065
- Henry 01067
- Houston 01069
- Jackson 01071
- Jefferson 01073
- Lamar 01075
- Lauderdale 01077
- Lawrence 01079
- Lee 01081
- Lowndes 01085
- Macon 01087
- Madison 01089
- Marengo 01091
- Marion 01093
- Marshall 01095
- Mobile 01097
- Monroe 01099
- Montgomery 01101
- Morgan 01103
- Perry 01105
- Randolph 01111
- Russell 01113
- Shelby 01117
- St. Clair 01115
- Sumter 01119
- Talladega 01121
- Tallapoosa 01123
- Tuscaloosa 01125
- Walker 01127
- Washington 01129
- Wilcox 01131
- Winston 01133
Arkansas view state ↗ 61 N ▾
- Arkansas 05001
- Ashley 05003
- Bradley 05011
- Calhoun 05013
- Chicot 05017
- Clark 05019
- Clay 05021
- Cleburne 05023
- Cleveland 05025
- Columbia 05027
- Conway 05029
- Craighead 05031
- Crawford 05033
- Crittenden 05035
- Cross 05037
- Desha 05041
- Drew 05043
- Faulkner 05045
- Franklin 05047
- Fulton 05049
- Garland 05051
- Grant 05053
- Greene 05055
- Hempstead 05057
- Howard 05061
- Independence 05063
- Izard 05065
- Jackson 05067
- Jefferson 05069
- Johnson 05071
- Lafayette 05073
- Lawrence 05075
- Lee 05077
- Lincoln 05079
- Little River 05081
- Logan 05083
- Lonoke 05085
- Miller 05091
- Mississippi 05093
- Monroe 05095
- Montgomery 05097
- Nevada 05099
- Ouachita 05103
- Perry 05105
- Phillips 05107
- Pike 05109
- Poinsett 05111
- Polk 05113
- Pope 05115
- Prairie 05117
- Pulaski 05119
- Randolph 05121
- Saline 05125
- Scott 05127
- Sevier 05133
- St. Francis 05123
- Union 05139
- Washington 05143
- White 05145
- Woodruff 05147
- Yell 05149
Delaware view state ↗ 2 N ▾
District of Columbia view state ↗ 1 N ▾
Florida view state ↗ 8 N ▾
Georgia view state ↗ 99 N ▾
- Baldwin 13009
- Banks 13011
- Barrow 13013
- Bartow 13015
- Bibb 13021
- Bleckley 13023
- Bryan 13029
- Burke 13033
- Butts 13035
- Calhoun 13037
- Camden 13039
- Catoosa 13047
- Chatham 13051
- Chattooga 13055
- Cherokee 13057
- Clarke 13059
- Clayton 13063
- Cobb 13067
- Coffee 13069
- Columbia 13073
- Coweta 13077
- Crawford 13079
- Crisp 13081
- Dade 13083
- Decatur 13087
- DeKalb 13089
- Dougherty 13095
- Effingham 13103
- Elbert 13105
- Floyd 13115
- Franklin 13119
- Fulton 13121
- Gordon 13129
- Greene 13133
- Gwinnett 13135
- Hancock 13141
- Hart 13147
- Henry 13151
- Houston 13153
- Irwin 13155
- Jackson 13157
- Jeff Davis 13161
- Jefferson 13163
- Jenkins 13165
- Johnson 13167
- Jones 13169
- Laurens 13175
- Lee 13177
- Liberty 13179
- Lincoln 13181
- Long 13183
- Lumpkin 13187
- Macon 13193
- Madison 13195
- McDuffie 13189
- Meriwether 13199
- Mitchell 13205
- Monroe 13207
- Montgomery 13209
- Morgan 13211
- Murray 13213
- Muscogee 13215
- Newton 13217
- Oconee 13219
- Oglethorpe 13221
- Paulding 13223
- Pike 13231
- Polk 13233
- Pulaski 13235
- Putnam 13237
- Quitman 13239
- Randolph 13243
- Richmond 13245
- Rockdale 13247
- Screven 13251
- Seminole 13253
- Spalding 13255
- Stephens 13257
- Stewart 13259
- Sumter 13261
- Taliaferro 13265
- Tattnall 13267
- Taylor 13269
- Telfair 13271
- Terrell 13273
- Toombs 13279
- Treutlen 13283
- Troup 13285
- Turner 13287
- Twiggs 13289
- Upson 13293
- Walker 13295
- Walton 13297
- Warren 13301
- Washington 13303
- Wheeler 13309
- Wilkes 13317
- Wilkinson 13319
- Worth 13321
Kentucky view state ↗ 38 N ▾
- Adair 21001
- Ballard 21007
- Barren 21009
- Calloway 21035
- Campbell 21037
- Carlisle 21039
- Casey 21045
- Christian 21047
- Clinton 21053
- Cumberland 21057
- Daviess 21059
- Edmonson 21061
- Fulton 21075
- Graves 21083
- Green 21087
- Hart 21099
- Henry 21103
- Hickman 21105
- Hopkins 21107
- Knox 21121
- Laurel 21125
- Lincoln 21137
- Livingston 21139
- Marshall 21157
- McCracken 21145
- McLean 21149
- Metcalfe 21169
- Monroe 21171
- Montgomery 21173
- Muhlenberg 21177
- Pulaski 21199
- Russell 21207
- Todd 21219
- Trigg 21221
- Warren 21227
- Wayne 21231
- Webster 21233
- Whitley 21235
Louisiana view state ↗ 51 N ▾
- Acadia 22001
- Allen 22003
- Ascension 22005
- Avoyelles 22009
- Beauregard 22011
- Bienville 22013
- Bossier 22015
- Caddo 22017
- Calcasieu 22019
- Caldwell 22021
- Cameron 22023
- Catahoula 22025
- Claiborne 22027
- Concordia 22029
- De Soto 22031
- East Baton Rouge 22033
- East Carroll 22035
- East Feliciana 22037
- Evangeline 22039
- Franklin 22041
- Grant 22043
- Jackson 22049
- Jefferson 22051
- Jefferson Davis 22053
- Lafayette 22055
- LaSalle 22059
- Lincoln 22061
- Livingston 22063
- Madison 22065
- Morehouse 22067
- Natchitoches 22069
- Ouachita 22073
- Rapides 22079
- Red River 22081
- Richland 22083
- Sabine 22085
- St. Helena 22091
- St. Landry 22097
- St. Martin 22099
- St. Mary 22101
- St. Tammany 22103
- Tangipahoa 22105
- Tensas 22107
- Union 22111
- Vermilion 22113
- Vernon 22115
- Washington 22117
- Webster 22119
- West Carroll 22123
- West Feliciana 22125
- Winn 22127
Mississippi view state ↗ 45 N ▾
- Amite 28005
- Benton 28009
- Chickasaw 28017
- Choctaw 28019
- Claiborne 28021
- Clarke 28023
- Copiah 28029
- Franklin 28037
- Harrison 28047
- Hinds 28049
- Holmes 28051
- Issaquena 28055
- Jackson 28059
- Jasper 28061
- Jefferson 28063
- Jones 28067
- Kemper 28069
- Lafayette 28071
- Lamar 28073
- Lee 28081
- Leflore 28083
- Lincoln 28085
- Lowndes 28087
- Madison 28089
- Marion 28091
- Neshoba 28099
- Noxubee 28103
- Panola 28107
- Pearl River 28109
- Prentiss 28117
- Quitman 28119
- Rankin 28121
- Scott 28123
- Sharkey 28125
- Simpson 28127
- Smith 28129
- Tallahatchie 28135
- Tishomingo 28141
- Union 28145
- Warren 28149
- Washington 28151
- Wayne 28153
- Webster 28155
- Winston 28159
- Yazoo 28163
New Jersey view state ↗ 10 N ▾
New York view state ↗ 6 N ▾
North Carolina view state ↗ 45 N ▾
- Alamance 37001
- Alexander 37003
- Bertie 37015
- Bladen 37017
- Cabarrus 37025
- Camden 37029
- Catawba 37035
- Chatham 37037
- Cherokee 37039
- Cleveland 37045
- Cumberland 37051
- Dare 37055
- Davidson 37057
- Davie 37059
- Duplin 37061
- Forsyth 37067
- Franklin 37069
- Granville 37077
- Greene 37079
- Guilford 37081
- Harnett 37085
- Hertford 37091
- Hoke 37093
- Hyde 37095
- Johnston 37101
- Jones 37103
- Lee 37105
- Lenoir 37107
- Mecklenburg 37119
- Nash 37127
- Northampton 37131
- Onslow 37133
- Orange 37135
- Pasquotank 37139
- Person 37145
- Randolph 37151
- Robeson 37155
- Rowan 37159
- Sampson 37163
- Stanly 37167
- Union 37179
- Vance 37181
- Wake 37183
- Warren 37185
- Wilson 37195
Pennsylvania view state ↗ 5 N ▾
Virginia view state ↗ 66 N ▾
- Accomack 51001
- Albemarle 51003
- Amelia 51007
- Amherst 51009
- Appomattox 51011
- Arlington 51013
- Brunswick 51025
- Buckingham 51029
- Campbell 51031
- Caroline 51033
- Charles City 51036
- Charlotte 51037
- Chesapeake (city) 51550
- Chesterfield 51041
- Culpeper 51047
- Cumberland 51049
- Dinwiddie 51053
- Essex 51057
- Fairfax 51059
- Fauquier 51061
- Fluvanna 51065
- Gloucester 51073
- Goochland 51075
- Greene 51079
- Greensville 51081
- Halifax 51083
- Hampton (city) 51650
- Hanover 51085
- Henrico 51087
- Henry 51089
- Isle of Wight 51093
- James City 51095
- King and Queen 51097
- King George 51099
- King William 51101
- Lancaster 51103
- Loudoun 51107
- Louisa 51109
- Lunenburg 51111
- Madison 51113
- Mathews 51115
- Mecklenburg 51117
- Middlesex 51119
- Nelson 51125
- New Kent 51127
- Newport News (city) 51700
- Northampton 51131
- Northumberland 51133
- Nottoway 51135
- Orange 51137
- Pittsylvania 51143
- Powhatan 51145
- Prince Edward 51147
- Prince George 51149
- Prince William 51153
- Richmond 51159
- Southampton 51175
- Spotsylvania 51177
- Stafford 51179
- Suffolk (city) 51800
- Surry 51181
- Sussex 51183
- Virginia Beach (city) 51810
- Warren 51187
- Westmoreland 51193
- York 51199
§5Sources & provenance
USDA PLANTS
Symbol, taxonomy, distribution, cultivation specs, native status. Public domain.
plants.usda.gov/QUPH ↗GBIF Backbone
Canonical taxonomic identity, synonym resolution, cross-refs. CC0.
gbif.org/species/2880652 ↗Record version
Cached and built locally. Source version on this record:
usda-plants-mt-2026-05-26
fetched 2026-05-26T05:45:41Z